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Table 3 Bivariate GEEa analyses of factors associated with using drugs alone in the last 6 months. Unadjusted odds ratio for regression analyses, with p-values

From: Using illicit drugs alone in Vancouver, Canada: a gender-based analysis

Characteristic

All genders^

Cisgender Men

Cisgender Women

Transgender Women

Two-Spirit People

Gender Diverse People~

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CIb)

p – value

Age

(median)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.119

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.399

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.351

1.07 (0.93–1.23)

0.336

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.227

1.04 (0.98–1.09)

0.204

Gender

(cisgender men vs. not cisgender men identifying)

0.83 (0.72 – 0.97)

0.015

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

white

(white vs. BIPOCc)

1.30 (1.12 –1.51)

 < 0.001

1.59 (1.11–2.27)

0.011

0.94 (0.63–1.38)

0.663

–

–

–

–

2.13 (0.80–5.71)

0.131

Homelessd

(yes vs. no)

0.95 (0.77–1.16)

0.596

0.65 (0.47–0.91)

0.013

1.01 (0.71–1.43)

0.973

–

–

–

–

1.44 (0.35–5.94)

0.612

Daily Illicit Stimulant Used

(yes vs. no)

1.68 (1.45–1.95)

 < 0.001

1.78 (1.39–2.29)

 < 0.001

1.41 (1.09–1.84)

0.010

0.56 (0.13–2.52)

0.452

1.00 (0.16–6.35)

1.000

1.98 (0.61–6.39)

0.254

Daily Illicit Opioid Used

(yes vs. no)

1.92 (1.66–2.23)

 < 0.001

1.59 (1.22–2.07)

 < 0.001

1.39 (1.06–1.82)

0.017

1.88 (0.42–8.45)

0.410

-

-

3.17 (1.10–9.13)

0.033

Binge Used,e

(yes vs. no)

1.76 (1.32–2.36)

 < 0.001

2.05 (1.38–3.04)

 < 0.001

1.76 (1.07–2.92)

0.027

–

–

–

–

2.50 (0.29–21.41)

0.403

Relationshipf

(yes vs. no)

0.33 (0.27–0.40)

 < 0.001

0.46 (0.33–0.64)

 < 0.001

0.54 (0.39–0.74)

 < 0.001

1.49 (0.19–11.37)

0.703

-

-

0.53 (0.15–1.87)

0.323

Recent Incarcerationd

(yes vs. no)

0.97 (0.64–1.45)

0.874

1.14 (0.72–1.81)

0.579

0.93 (0.59–1.48)

0.774

–

–

–

–

–

–

Victim of Violenced

(yes vs. no)

1.49 (1.22–1.81)

 < 0.001

1.08 (0.82–1.43)

0.588

1.00 (0.75–1.34)

0.986

2.27 (0.50–10.32)

0.288

0.29 (0.02–3.60)

0.336

9.63 (1.11–83.50)

0.040

DTES Residenced,g

(yes vs. no)

1.49 (1.28–1.73)

 < 0.001

1.13 (0.86–1.48)

0.392

1.46 (1.05–2.03)

0.026

0.18 (0.03–0.97)

0.046

1.50 (0.27–8.36)

0.644

2.61 (1.05–6.44)

0.038

Depressionh

(moderate/severe vs. none/mild)

1.65 (1.40–1.95)

 < 0.001

1.33 (1.04–1.70)

0.023

1.43 (1.07–1.92)

0.016

1.67 (0.34–8.26)

0.532

8.00 (1.70–37.67)

0.009

5.05 (1.52–16.78)

0.008

  1. aGEE: generalized estimating equation
  2. bCI: confidence intervals
  3. cBIPOC: Black, Indigenous and People of Colour
  4. dExperienced within the previous 6 months
  5. eBinge use: periods when drugs or alcohol were used more than usual
  6. fRelationship: being legally married, having a common law or regular partner
  7. gDTES: Downtown Eastside, Vancouver
  8. hMeasured using PROMIS Depression Scale. T-scores < 60 = “none/mile,” and scores ≥ 60 = “moderate/severe.”
  9. ^Comparison of men vs women, where “women” is inclusive of transwomen, Two-Spirit people and gender diverse people
  10. ~Anyone who did not identify as cisgender or transgender
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Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

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