Table 1 Descriptive summary of included studies (N = 13)

1. Lu (2019)

[23]

197

Patient

(Coronary

Heart disease or

Diabetes)

56.41 ± 8.20

1. face-to-face

2. six sessions

3. about 30 to 45 min

4. Taiwan

Standard smoking cessation education

1,3,6 months

smoking cessation rates, participant satisfaction with the intervention, and changes in knowledge about smoking

2. Nagle (2005)

[33]

1422

Patient

(Hospital

Patients)

55.00 ± 12.0

1. face-to-face

2. 3

3. 15 to 20 min

4. Australia

Standard

Card

3,12 months

cessation rates, which were verified through biochemical tests (e.g., carbon monoxide levels), as well as self-reported abstinence

3. Pardavila-

Belio (2015)

[24]

255

Non-patient

20.0 ± 1.7

1. face-to-face

2. 6

3. 50 min

4. Spain

Brief smoking cessation advice

6 months

smoking cessation rates through self-reports and biochemical validation (e.g., carbon monoxide levels), changes in participants'knowledge, attitudes toward quitting, and self-efficacy related to smoking cessation

4. Pbert (2011)

[34]

1068

Non-patient

16.1 ± 1.1

1. face-to-face

2. 5

3. 30 min

4. USA

Standard school-based health education

3, 12 months

smoking cessation rates verified through self-reports and biochemical validation (e.g., cotinine levels)

5. Rossem (2017)

[26]

295

Patient

(Primary

Healthcare Center patients)

48.0 ± 13.2

1. face-to-face and telephone

2. 10

3. maximum 120 min contact time

4. Holland

Brief general practitioner advice combined with varenicline

3,6,12 months

Smoking cessation, rates, changes in nicotine dependence, quit attempts, quality of life, adverse effects

6. Smith

(2011)

[27]

643

Patient

(Community Hospital Patients)

49.0 ± 14.0

1. face-to-face

2. 4

3. 30 min

4. Canada

Usual

care

1, 3, 6, 12 months

Outcome measures included smoking cessation rates verified by self-reports and biochemical assessments (e.g., carbon monoxide levels), along with changes in participants'attitudes and self-efficacy related to quitting smoking

7. Snaterse

(2019)

[35]

338

Patient

(Coronary Artery Disease)

55.6 ± 8.78

1. face-to-face

2. 4 sessions

3. 30 min

4. Holland

Usual

care

12 months

Self-reported smoking status, biochemical validation(cotinine level in saliva), behavioral outcomes

8. Tonnesen

(2006)

[28]

370

Patient

(COPD)

61 ± (N/A)

1. face-to-face

and telephone

2. 4

3. 30 min

4. Denmark

Usual

care

6, and 12 months

smoking cessation rates verified by biochemical validation (e.g., carbon monoxide levels), as well as assessments of lung function, quality of life, and participant satisfaction with the intervention

9. Wewers

(2009)

[29]

302

Patient

(Clinic Patients)

41.3 ± 10.4

1. face-to-face

2. 5

3. 30 to 60 min

4. USA

Usual

care

3,6,12 months

Smoking cessation rates(cotinine), daily cigarette consumptions, participants satisfaction

10. William, Li (2018)

[30]

528

Patient

(Cancer)

59.0 ± 12.8

1. face-to-face

2. 1 primary session

& 2 F/U sessions

3. 15 to 30 min

4.Hong Kong

Standard

care

1wk, 1,3,

6,9,12

months

Smoking cessation rates, biochemically validated cessation(CO levels), changes in smoking-related knowledge and attitudes

11. William, Li

(2020)

[31]

1517

Patient

1. face-to-face

2. 1

3. about 1 min

4.Hong Kong

Smoking

cessation

leaflet

6,12

months

Biochemically validated smoking abstinence, self-reported 7-day point prevalence of abstinence, and the percentage of participants achieving a significant reduction in daily cigarette consumption

12. Reid

(2019)

[25]

440

Patient

(Coronary

Heart Disease)

54.2.0 ± 8.9

1. Telephone

2. 5

3. 15 min

4. Canada

Usual

care

6,12

months

Smoking cessation rates, biochemically validated cessation(CO levels), quit attempt duration

13.Young

(2018)

[32]

318

Patient

(Clinic

Patients)

37.5 ± 12.0

1. Telephone

2. 5

3. 15 min

4. Australia

Usual

care

6, 12and months

The primary outcome measures included smoking cessation rates (self-reported), the acceptability of the referral process, and participants'satisfaction with the intervention. Biochemical validation (like carbon monoxide levels) was also used to confirm cessation where applicable